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        <h3 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h3><p>近期在考虑项目拆分的过程中，对于公共组件的维护总共找到了两种方式，分别是：发布 npm 包与 <code>git submodule</code> 子模块管理。对于 npm 发包的方法这里我就不做赘述了（先前有写到过），而另一种 <code>git submodule</code> 的方法这里就详细介绍一下，对于不想使用发包的方式（比较繁琐）来维护子项目的 coder 来说，这种方式可以算是最为方便的了。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h3 id="使用场景"><a href="#使用场景" class="headerlink" title="使用场景"></a>使用场景</h3><p>有种情况我们经常会遇到：某个工作中的项目需要包含并使用另一个项目。也许是第三方库，或者你独立开发的，用于多个父项目的库。现在问题来了：你想要把它们当做两个独立的项目，同时又想在一个项目中使用另一个。</p>
<p>我们举一个例子。假设你正在开发一个网站然后创建了 Atom 订阅。你决定使用一个库，而不是写自己的 Atom 生成代码。你可能不得不通过 CPAN 安装或 Ruby gem 来包含共享库中的代码，或者将源代码直接拷贝到自己的项目中。如果将这个库包含进来，那么无论用何种方式都很难定制它，部署则更加困难，因为你必须确保每一个客户端都包含该库。如果将代码复制到自己的项目中，那么你做的任何自定义修改都会使合并上游的改动变得困难。</p>
<p>Git 通过子模块来解决这个问题。子模块允许你将一个 Git 仓库作为另一个 Git 仓库的子目录。它能让你将另一个仓库克隆到自己的项目中，同时还保持提交的独立。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>该部分直接引用官方的例子，就不造轮子了。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="命令使用"><a href="#命令使用" class="headerlink" title="命令使用"></a>命令使用</h3><p>使用 <code>git submodule</code> 时，需要的一些命令有：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 当前项目文件名如不指定，则默认为仓库名</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 目标仓库路径可为远程仓库地址，也可为当前相对路径</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule add &lt;目标仓库路径&gt; &lt;当前项目文件名&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看子模块状态</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule (status)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将子模块与远程保持同步（会切换至一个临时分支）</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule update --remote</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将所有子模块都切换至 master 分支</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule foreach <span class="string">'git checkout master'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将所有子模块同步远程更新</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule foreach <span class="string">'git pull'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看子模块追踪的内容信息</span></span><br><span class="line">git diff --cached --submodule</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="初次添加仓库操作"><a href="#初次添加仓库操作" class="headerlink" title="初次添加仓库操作"></a>初次添加仓库操作</h3><p>作为添加者来说，子模块的添加是很简单的一件事，主要步骤如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 添加仓库</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule add &lt;子模块仓库路径&gt; &lt;当前项目文件名&gt;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 此时打印 git status 会显示 submodule 的一些信息</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># .submodule 文件内存储的就是我们需要的映射信息了</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 提交更新并推送至远程</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 当仓库提交至远程时，子模块的内容并不会被带过去</span></span><br><span class="line">git add .</span><br><span class="line">git commit -m <span class="string">"init submodule"</span></span><br><span class="line">git push</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="拷贝远程仓库"><a href="#拷贝远程仓库" class="headerlink" title="拷贝远程仓库"></a>拷贝远程仓库</h3><p>拷贝远程带有子模块的项目需要稍微注意一点，那就是子模块需要额外的步骤才能将内容拷贝下来，具体步骤如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 克隆仓库</span></span><br><span class="line">git <span class="built_in">clone</span> &lt;远程仓库地址&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 此时子模块是没有内容的，所以</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 初始化本地配置文件</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule init</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 配置文件有记录对应的 commit id，此将子模块文件同步至配置文件内记录的 id 处</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 注意： `git submodule update` 拿到的文件内容并不一定与子模块仓库的最新状态保持一致</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 因为它记录的为先前初始化时的版本，需要额外更新</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule update</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>三步简化成一步的操作为： git clone &lt;远程仓库地址&gt; –recursive</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="更新子模块"><a href="#更新子模块" class="headerlink" title="更新子模块"></a>更新子模块</h3><p>更新的方法也有多种，最为基础的处理方式是：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 进入项目中的子模块内</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> &lt;child-module&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 拉取新内容</span></span><br><span class="line">git fetch</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 合并新内容</span></span><br><span class="line">git merge</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># fetch 和 merge 可以简化为一步： git pull</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>当然，此做法比较繁杂，较为简便的处理方法是（无需进入子模块）：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 添加 remote 会更新至远程项目的最新版本，否则是本地最新版本</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule update --remote</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Git 会自动进入子模块并更新它。但是该命令会默认假定你想要更新并检出子模块的 master 分支。简单的说，此时子模块会自动生成一个新临时分支，与远程的源保持一致，如果子模块内部有改动，想要迁回，那么将子模块的 branch 切回原来的分支即可。</p>
<p>例如：子模块本来是 master 分支，后来远程子模块的源更新了，此时 <code>git submodule update --remote</code> 会将子模块分支切换成一个 hash id 分支。此时进入子模块目录，<code>git checkout master</code> 切回 master 分支，你会发现该 master 分支内容与执行 <code>update</code> 指令之前的是一致的，没有变动，但会提醒你远程的源已经更新了，需要手动 pull 一下。</p>
<div class="note info">
            <p>这样看来，这两种写法都没差啦～反正最后都得自己手动处理一下。</p>
          </div>
<p>对于包含多个子模块的项目来说，进入子模块一个个更新着实是很麻烦，批量更新可以使用 foreach，例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 同步最新的 head 指针，否则</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule update --remote</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将默认迁出的分支迁回 master，然后拉取更新</span></span><br><span class="line">git submodule foreach git checkout master</span><br><span class="line">git submodule foreach git pull</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>或者，如果知道更新了，可以省略掉前两步骤（前面步骤主要是为了 <code>git status</code> | <code>git submodules</code> 看有没有子模块变动），直接拉取就行，这样也不用再去切分支了。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git submodule foreach git pull</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="更改子模块"><a href="#更改子模块" class="headerlink" title="更改子模块"></a>更改子模块</h3><p>前面对子模块的处理仅仅只是同步更新而已，这和使用 npm 包没啥区别，但毕竟是将子模块给弄进项目了，当个包放在那里用，那也太委屈了。其实在主项目内，我们还可以对子模块进行更新，还可以并发布其改动，这样就能节省很多时间和劳力了（前提是别改造得别人无法使用，变成私有代码库了）。</p>
<p>这里仅介绍比较省时的操作，直接启动 merge ，我们可以用下面这个命令：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git submodule update --remote --merge</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>进入子模块后，我们就能和平常一样的合并冲突了。</p>
<p>在主分支进行推送时，我们得保证当前分支的所有子模块都已经与远程一致（或者都落后，但不可 diverged），防止别的伙伴接受不到新的变动，因此推送的命令改为：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 这样 git 会进入到子模块中然后在推送主项目前推送了它。如果那个子模块因为某些原因推送失败，主项目也会推送失败</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 该方法暂未尝试，一直用的 foreach push，比较方便</span></span><br><span class="line">git push --recurse-submodules=on-demand</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>注：</strong>如果出现了无法推送的情况，特别是远程分支为本地项目的情况，此时我们需要进入该远程分支，然后设置 ‘.git/config’ 文件，加上内容如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[receive]</span><br><span class="line">        denyCurrentBranch = false</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这样就能 push 了。</p>
<h3 id="删除子模块"><a href="#删除子模块" class="headerlink" title="删除子模块"></a>删除子模块</h3><p>删除子模块需要进行 2 步操作，首先得删除对应的 cache 缓存追踪，然后再删除对应的模块文件</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git rm --cached &lt;fileName&gt;</span><br><span class="line">rm --rf &lt;fileName&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="参考文章"><a href="#参考文章" class="headerlink" title="参考文章"></a>参考文章</h3><ul>
<li><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2/Git-%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7-%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Git 子模块</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/9000cd49822c" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Git 子模块的管理和使用</a></li>
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